Emily Fisher s Life And Life - 1530 Words

Emily Fisher was born into a decent self sufficient, upper middle class family. She lived a normal life. As she entered high school,she had many friends, a supportive family, and a seemingly loving boyfriend. One day her boyfriend asked her if she wanted to go to a party with drugs and alcohol present; although, Emily was reluctant on going. She decided to go anyways because she thought she would be in the presence of her protecting boyfriend. After they arrived at the party, her boyfriend quickly vanished into the crowd, returning with a drink in his hand, offering it to her. Emily did not want to drink alcohol so she politely declined his offer. He somehow talked her into drinking the beverage. Due to peer pressure she drank the beverage. After about 30 minutes she started to feel weak and her vision started to blur, she did not feel like herself. Emily tried to quickly find her boyfriend before her vision blurred completely. Emily passed out. She had faint memories of someone on top of her in a bedroom that she could not recognize. Once she came to her senses she was completely naked in a public place getting arrested for public nudity. The police officer took her to a mental hospital after she reported seeing strange things and hearing noises in her head . Later she found out that was the onset to schizophrenia. The traumatic event she just endured triggered the neurotransmitters in her brain to emit too much dopamine in her brain causing her to develop Schizophrenia,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesis â€Å"a cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm s†¦a German spy during the war†¦Kaiser’s assassin†¦a Prince† (Fisher, Knapman, Martin, Wick, Luhrmann, 2013). Therefore, one of his characteristics is being a mysterious person. He does not want people to know who he really is and keeps the truth hidden. In the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the protagonist, Emily, has a similar characteristic to Gatsby. In a quick description, she is a woman who lived her life isolated in her house, and onlyRead MoreMovie Analysis : Soldier s Girl 947 Words   |  4 Pagessome arguing that homosexuals serving openly in the military threaten unit cohesion and military effectiveness. Although it has been proven that the repeal of the ban on gays in the armed forces would have a minimal negative impact on the military s effectiveness or unit compatibility, it has not always been this way. This essay, and Frank Pierson’s Soldier’s Girl, shows just how big of an impact the media and film depictions have of society and offers the viewer the opportunity to see the challengesRead MoreThe Importance Of Campbelltown s History : Fisher s Ghost1700 Words   |  7 PagesHistory: Fisher’s Ghost Date | Local History | C.J. Hawkings â€Å"Freedom soon was his and Campbelltown showed much charm That this was where he settled on his thirty acre farm.† - Unknown Author Campbelltown is known for its beautiful old architecture. Emily Cottage. Glenalvon House. These are two of Campbelltown’s most famous architectural marvels. But what about the ghost stories? As it happens, Campbelltown’s most famous ghost story is known throughout Australia as the Story of Fisher’s Ghost. TheRead MoreHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature1641 Words   |  7 PagesHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature When you think of the start of American Literature, what comes to your mind? Authors such as Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemmingway, Emily Dickinson, Charles Dickens, and Mark Twain stick out in our minds. They were the face of post-civil war and social realism poetry. Today we will take a closer look at Mark Twain, who was also known as the â€Å"Father† of American Literature. His work has survived more than 100 years after his death. Mark Twain was born inRead MoreThe Cask Of Admontillado, By Edgar Allen Poe And The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1987 Words   |  8 Pagesthem into provincial boxes that prevent gender identity and expression (Fisher and Silber). Traditional gender roles, especially in the 18th and 19th century literature depicts women as delicate maidens, who are weak and submissive or as nurturing and sensitive characters taking the roles wives and mothers. Men on the other hand are portrayed as strong, rational, and assertive taking on the roles that require authority (Fisher and Silber). To better understand the role of fixed gender expectationsRead MoreEssay on Literature Comparison Between a Short Story and a Poem2124 Words   |  9 PagesType of literature had been used by Poets and Authors to convey their deepest desires, feelings, Ideas, amazing imaginations which makes us, whoever we want and an escape to daily normal life and with this making it humorous and lively. Everyone definitely have be en exposed to a genre of literature in their life at one point. It comes from the French language and is used to identify types or categories of literature. (Clugston, 2010). This can be further classified or in such a way, be selectedRead MoreThe Relationship between Genetics and Violence Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesaround 1.6 million people die of violence each year. Half of these deaths are attributed to suicide, while the other half are attributed to homicide, war and other conflicts combined. Historically, violence was seen as a social ill. Before the 1970’s, when genetic research began to take hold, most researchers believed that violence was caused by a number of social aspects. Even with our increased knowledge, there are still groups that view violence as a social ill. This is evident in the fact thatRead MoreRomantic love and marriage3814 Words   |  16 PagesAnthropologist Anthropology, Department of 1-1-2005 Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent Emily Sorrell Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons Sorrell, Emily, Romantic Love and Marriage: An Analysis of the Concept and Functionality of Romantic Love as a Marital Stabilizing Agent (2005). Nebraska Anthropologist. Paper 9. http://digitalcommonsRead MoreTypes Of Fraud And The Healthcare Industry2566 Words   |  11 Pageswhich one party cheats another party out of financial resources. In order to educate a healthcare manager regarding fraud , many aspects of fraud must be assessed. This includes the types of fraud, the consequences that come with fraud,the individual(s) committing them, techniques to prevent fraud, and why the healthcare industry is vulnerable to fraud. As the healthcare industry begins to expand its horizons, by featuring more staff and patients, the types of frauds that are committed also rise inRead MoreJoyful Noise : Poems For Two Voices, Mayflies P. 15414 Words   |  22 PagesAward, Best Children’s Books of England citation, Nakamori Reader’s Prize, and several others. (Picture) B. Cross-Culture lesson LESSON PLAN TEMPLATE – 2015 GENERAL INFORMATION Lesson Title Subject(s): Spring Time Changes (life cycle of butterfly) Topic or Unit of Study: Language Arts, life science, Art, reading: foundation skills Grade/Level: K-1 Instructional Setting: Describe the learning context and location (e.g., setting, group size, seating arrangement, displays). An inclusion classroom

Too Much Stress in Teens Lives - 716 Words

It is no question that adults have large amounts of stress as a result of jobs, money, family issues and the economy. What is often overlooked is how much stress and anxiety teens experience. It is common knowledge that teens worry about school, grades, and sports; but this does not even begin to scratch the surface of the amount of stress teens go through. Teens today feel pressure from the whole of society to conform and to be popular or in style. Teens are also expected to plan for, and have their future mapped out; whether that involves pursuing a career or starting a family, or even both. All of these stresses can lead to a number of serious physical and mental issues including low self-esteem, self-harm, and even thoughts of suicide. The worst part about teen stress is that teens do not know how to handle it. They cannot cope with their changing responsibilities and this leads to role conflict and their inability to react to situations properly. The best thing a teen can do is find a way to control, regulate, and reduce the stress in their lives. In comparison, teens today experience higher levels of stress from academics and an abundance of extra-curricular activities which is only made worse by teen’s ineptitude to cope with these expectations. Adults do experience high levels of stress, that is undeniable. They have to go to work every day, which can be a stressful environment, then they come home and face a whole new plethora of stress inducing aspects. The workShow MoreRelatedTeens : The Causes And Effects Of Teen Stress1309 Words   |  6 PagesEvery year, because of stress from exams, 40 students kill themselves (Singh). A 15 year-old student in India hung herself in her room, the day before an exam and left a note which tells how she ended her life because she was â€Å"... unable to secure first rank in examination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Correspondent). This is one of the examples of how stress causes many health problems in teens from being overworked in school and too many responsibilities at home. Most teens today feel the pressure from juggling schoolworkRead MoreMajor Stressors in Teens Lives1243 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Stressors In Teens’ Lives What is stress actually and how do we determine who is stressed? Most of us describe stress as when everything became too much that we are overloaded and wonder if we can cope with the amount of pressure placed upon us. Stress actually is anything that poses challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. While most people took stress as something negative, it can also be a good thing as it gets you going in life – when there are problems which need to be solvedRead MoreMajor Stressors in Teens Lives1236 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Stressors In Teens’ Lives What is stress actually and how do we determine who is stressed? Most of us describe stress as when everything became too much that we are overloaded and wonder if we can cope with the amount of pressure placed upon us. Stress actually is anything that poses challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. While most people took stress as something negative, it can also be a good thing as it gets you going in life – when there are problems which need to be solvedRead MoreThe Destruction of Stress in the Lives of Teenagers801 Words   |  4 Pagesamounts of stress in a teenager’s life can lead them down a destructive path. This problem occurs every day, and is a common occurrence in every teen’s life. There are many different causes of stress and even more ways it can affect the person. Mandy causes of stress may include: expectations from loved ones and teachers, family problems, social issues, and balancing school, extracurricular activities, and work. Some teens are very good at managing their time while others cannot handle as much on theirRead More Teenage Stress Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesStress is the way the body reacts. It is an unavoidable consequence of life. Teen stress is a big issue in todays society. Recent studies have shown that teens may develop more stress then adults. Few adults can remember the truth about adolescence. Their minds censor their memories, and have them believe that being a teenager was was one big party, free of cares and responsibilities( ). There arent that many adults around who realize what adolescence was really like. The anguishRead MoreThe Pressures of Teenage Life 898 Words   |  4 Pagesbody building men forces teens to believe they need to achieve that â€Å"perfect† body and look. The biggest issue of these images being broadcasted to teens is the effects that the images have on them. Teenagers who obsess over their body image can experience stress due to trying to impress others, develop an eating disorder, and neglect, and even jeopardize, important aspects of their lives when they focus too much on their body image. Stress is a big part of teenagers’ lives. From school to boyfriendsRead MoreHow Excess Homework Can Be Harmful1578 Words   |  7 Pages Christopher Gunderson Mrs. Shavel Honors English I 18 November 2016 How Excess Homework Can be Harmful to Teens Homework is assigned mainly to reinforce ideas taught in the classroom, but some teachers are simply giving too much homework, and some of it is non-essential, or as some teachers call it, â€Å"busy-work†. â€Å"Nevertheless, as much as you might dread it, homework is an important part of our learning. For one thing, it enables us to comprehend and practice what we’ve learned throughoutRead MoreProblems with High School Education1060 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped many flaws. The system that was originally created to enhance the lives of students and better society now causes much detriment. Although public education claims to be the â€Å"great equalizer† there are many problems ignored by school reform policies that hinder the learning of children. Income greatly impacts a child’s learning ability. In the United States, where a child attends school is based on where he or she lives, which is based upon the income of the family. Typically, familiesRead MoreDecreasing Academic Stress in Schools1080 Words   |  5 Pageshigh school. Stress places mental and physical strain on the body and can potentially harm health. Stress is the feeling created by the body when it reacts to certain events that put tension or strain upon one’s physical, mental, or emotional state. Acute stress is short term stress that can last anywhere from three days to four weeks. On the other hand, chronic stress is a more serious problem because it is long term stress and can impact health even more. When under constant stress, also known asRead MoreStress And Its Effect On Our Lives1494 Words   |  6 PagesSinister Stress Everyone has stress, but not everyone realizes the impact it has on their lives. Most people don’t realize or understand the amount of stress they are under. What used to be considered extreme levels of stress has become normal in today’s society. Most people, adults especially, don’t realize that teens largely experience these high levels of stress. Before talking about the stress that teens experience, though, it is best to understand what stress is and why one has it. Stress is a natural

Health and Safety Multiple Forces Working in Unison

Question: 1. To identify what legislation and guidance was relevant to your chosen case and establish the legal basis for the courts decision base on the facts of the case. 2. What are alternatives options to prosecution. 3. Was in the public interests to prosecute. Answer: Introduction: The young girl Kent visited the theme park Chessington with her parents and fell nearly from the four meters height while waiting in line for the ride. In this mishappening she suffered with the fracture in the skull, broken ribs and bleeding from the brain and had to remain in the hospital for one month. Still, she was required of the specialist support and the rehabilitation treatment. Prosecution: The theme park Chessington which is the survey based theme park is held liable for the failings in the safety which led the girl with the life changing injuries, caused by the dislodged rotted palling, which was built on the walkway while queuing for the ride. After the sentencing, investigating HSE inspector Karen Morris said: This was a disastrous and horrifying incident for the child and her parents. They had travelled from their home in Kent for a fun day out together at this well-known attraction only to find themselves hours later in an intensive care ward with their daughter. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) investigated and prosecuted Chessington World of Adventures Operations Ltd in this case said that there was persistent and serious breaches of the health and safety act. And hence the park was penalising to provide the educational assistance to the girl and also has to pay all the medical bills of the girl. The company was penalised with the amount of $150,000 for all the losses which the girly in the negligence of the company. It was said by the court that the rides provide an illusion of the danger, hence there is thrill on the rides but the safety of the visitors is also expected. Health and safety legislation: The Employers have got the responsibility to ensure that the workplaces as safer of the workers to work UN harmed. There are basically two significant legal requirements which are as follows: Refer Section 7 (a) of the Act, states that all the employees are to be taken proper care for their own bodily Health and also Safety of them at work and proper care of all those others who may be injured or affected by the task which they perform or also at times fail to do (Mnzberg et al., 2016). Under the HASAWA, each and every employer is required to look at all kinds of risks which exist in the workplace of the employees and is also required to record the assessment of the risk. Alternatives to prosecution Management of the Health and the Safety Regulations also promptly require the employers to completely assess the nature and the scale of the workplace risks that may occur to the health and safety, also to ensure that there are availability of proper control measures in place so as to avoid all of these risks (Naisberg, 2015). In this case the authority of the park must have taken some action against the safety of the visitors visiting the park. The authority of the park must have used some notice In this regard the following is required to be done and taken care of; necessarily appoint the employees to for sure apply the Health and the Safety measures needed. Formation of the emergency actions. Render proper information and also complete training to all of the employees (Naisberg, 2015). Public interest to prosecute Chessington I agree with the HSE prosecution to the Chessington as it will help the company and the employees of the company to abide by the rules as are set by the health and safety laws have to face serious and tough penalties (Gibson, 2014). Changes which are introduced under the act of the Health and Safety Offence, have most of their cases being judged in the lower courts, Very high fines are handed out to the convicted offenders and even provisions of jail may also be granted under some of the negligence circumstances. Proper and safe work facilities and practice can only and only happen if the law in concern is kept to. For the implementation of Health and Safety measures to happen and regulations, employers appoint a 'competent persons' so as to assist them carry out the all kinds of risk assessments (Bah, 2009). It was investigated by the Health and safety executives that there was the sloping roof over the queuing area and was without the guttering which led to the running of the water into the fence and resulted the fence to rot. In the report of the Health and safety it was found that the palings were re-fixed and were not replaced, instead of the screws the nails were used to secure and there was no record of the daily repairs of the palings. References Bah, S. (2009). Multiple Forces Working in Unison: The Case of Rapid Improvement of Vital Statistics in South Africa Post-1996.World Health Population, 11(4), pp.50-59. Blakemore, S. (2015). Survey finds 55% of health visitors work extra hours.Primary Health Care, 25(4), pp.6-6. Gibson, M. (2014). Health and safety legislation.Occupational Medicine, 64(6), pp.441-441. Mnzberg, H., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Yu, S., Morrison, C. and Berthoud, H. (2016). Naisberg, Y. (2015). MBPNOM Destigmatize Mental Health and De-fragmentize Medical Practices with Unison Preventive Principles: Review.Journal of Neurology and Neurobiology, 1(4).

Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay Essay Example

Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay Essay Lockheed Martin is an American aerospace multinational that besides specializes in defence. security and advanced engineering industries. The corporation was instituted in 1995 following the amalgamation between Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta ( Yenne. 2000 ) . The corporation is based in Bethesda in Maryland with planetary centres that specialize in different facets of the corporation’s many operations. Presently. the corporation employs over 120. 000 employees scattered across the universe. Soon. Lockheed is one of the largest defence contractors in the universe and enjoys about limitless orders across the universe. The operations of the corporation are divided into different sections consisting electronic systems ( 27 % ) . astronauticss ( 27 % ) . information systems and planetary solutions ( 27 % ) and infinite systems ( 19 % ) . Today. US authorities contracts account for much of the corporation’s gross while foreign authorities contracts besides make up a significant portion of the gross. On the other manus. orders from commercial clients merely make up a mere 2 % of the entire gross the corporation cyberspaces in a twelvemonth. We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lockheed Martin Corporation Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1996. the corporation finalized the programs to get Lorad Corporation which later became portion of the corporation at a cost of $ 9. 1 billion. Like any other planetary corporation prosecuting 1000s of employees across the universe. Lockheed is surely faced with a myriad of challenges that usually define concern operations in the present universe. One of the greatest challenges confronting the corporation is the demand to turn to employee concerns and efficaciously undertake the facets of employee and industrial dealingss without many jobs like is ever the instance. On certain cases the corporation has had to confront the challenge of striking workers and travel slow as employees complained about assorted facets associating to their operations in the organisation ( Terris. 2010 ) . In that respect. the facet of covering with these employee concerns has been one of the greatest employee challenges impacting the organisation. Like most workers in the industry. most of Lockheed’s workers are unionized under the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace workers and are ever portion and package of the activities steered by the association. The International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers is a worker organisation. which draws its beginning in 1888 when a group of 19 mechanics came together and formed the Order of the United Machinists and Mechanical Engineers. With clip. the little organisation grew in rank and adopted the present name. The organisation has had a disruptive history characterized by the growing of labour motions in the 20th century. The growing of the brotherhood went in tandem with the development of the conveyance industry throughout the old ages as more and more workers became employed in the industry. During its formation. the organisation was by and large a secret matter given that employers of the clip were really critical and hostile toward organized labour motions. However. the Order quickly spread beyond its formation zone of Georgia and was shortly a recognized matter in the United States. Much of the growing in the rank of the brotherhood was largely evidenced during the World Wars when workers in the conveyance industry increased owing to the increased demand of vehicles and aeroplanes ( Cimini. 1994 ) . In the class of the seventiess. the brotherhood was segmented into several divisions covering with specific issues impacting the members. These included civil rights. forming. older workers and retired workers and adult females. At a convection held in 1984 in Seattle. Washington. the delegates voted and decided to utilize the Placid Harbor Education Center in order to develop and educate the members of the brotherhood. In 1998. the centre was renamed to the Winpisinger Education and Technology Center in order to acknowledge and honour the late president of the brotherhood. Throughout history. the brotherhood has ever addressed the issues impacting the workers and negotiated with the relevant employers on specific facets associating to the public assistance of the employees Contract Management. 2010 ) . Over 3000 workers of Lockheed Corporation are unionized under the IAM and are ever in path with the labour brotherhood. The brotherhood has ever negotiated in several cases sing the public assistance of the workers of Lockheed. In 2009. IAM came under much dialogue with the direction of Lockheed at Fort Worth where the corporation manufactures jets. The issues at drama in that instance were healthcare costs and pensions where the workers were over 3. 900 people in entire resistance with the direction of the corporation. At an reference to the workers on 19th April. 2009. IAM President promised the workers that the brotherhood would keenly negotiate for a just and merely contract between the members and the direction of Lockheed ( Julian A ; Denver. 2011 ) . The nucleus of the affair in this respect emerged out of the determination by Lockheed’s direction to denote that it would extinguish pension plans for new hires and would besides increase health care costs for all the workers at the corporation’s Fort Worth works. The IAM Negotiating Committee promised that it would efficaciously turn to the issue with the parties and warned Lockheed against its incorrect moves. There were besides allegations that the company was be aftering to present really expensive health care programs if the workers rejected the thought of riddance of the so present health care program ( Sears. 2006 ) . In the class of the dialogue. the brotherhood thwarted the attempts by the company to maintain the proceedings off from the workers. They sporadically informed the workers on whatever was transpirating between them and the direction. Much of this attempt was complemented when the brotherhood created a web site from where information associating to the predating negotiations was posted and the workers could easy follow. The brotherhood organized a series of commissions to manage the assorted logistics of the work stoppage and to maintain the employees every bit good as the populace good informed of the proceedings. Several commissions came into formation. including the work stoppage commission. communicating. community service. movie crew and kitchen ( 2010 ) . These commissions were fundamentally helping the brotherhood functionaries in turn toing the challenge of the negotiations given that the populace and the authorities had really particular involvement in the whole state of affairs. In the class of the dialogues. the brotherhood functionaries presented the direction of the corporation with an economic counter proposal. The direction was supposed to travel over the proposal and respond to the assorted inquiries that were thereby addressed. After traveling through the contents of the proposal. the functionaries of the organisation invited the brotherhood functionaries to the bargaining tabular array. In their statements. the direction enunciated that their program to cut off the pension for the new hires was merely appropriate and was fundamentally a procedure of turn toing the challenges the organisation was confronting at that clip. In the procedure. it appeared that the direction of the corporation was really inexorable and did non desire to yield land on the bargaining tabular array. While the direction claimed that they really paid their workers good and they could therefore afford the new proposal it was seting frontward. the brotherhood members wholly rejected the impression as giving through one manus and pickings by the other which was fundamentally unethical in concern pattern. As portion of the initial dialogues. the direction of Lockheed confirmed that it had given the brotherhood the option of accepting a 3 per centum pay rise addition for the contract workers who were confronting the challenge of the health care program ( Boyne. 2010 ) . Furthermore. extra subscribing fillip of $ 3. 000 was besides offered per worker as portion of the trade. This was to be supplemented by $ 800 to cover the one-year addition in the cost of life in the United States. Harmonizing to the direction. this was fundamentally to be a eventuality program in order to turn to the cardinal issue at manus and enable the workers to return to their work. In the same procedure. Lockheed was confronting similar force per unit area from Pentagon and was earnestly in a hole to accept the proposals of the brotherhood. It was. nevertheless. a blow for the company when the brotherhood functionaries wholly rejected the eventuality programs on the history that they had neer been successful in the yesteryear and that the company had ever non honored such duties ( Anderson. 2009 ) . In revenge. Lockheed created the position that it could efficaciously go on its operations without much respect to the nonionized workers who were seeking a alteration of the health care programs. The corporation announced that the mployed workers would efficaciously replace the nonionized workers in the class of the operations ( ( IAMAW. 2012 ) . For a piece. amid the dialogue negotiations. it appeared that the work stoppage was really an ageless matter given that most operations in the corporation had began restarting despite the dramatic nonionized members. It was surely a blow and a great challenge to the dialogue procedure and it created the demand for farther negotiations and steps to turn to the state of affairs. The emerging state of affairs presented the brotherhood functionaries with a batch of challenges and they opted to seek for alternate steps of operations while go oning with the dialogue procedure. Corporate bargaining was efficaciously used in the dialogue between the brotherhood functionaries and the direction of the corporation. For a piece. it appeared that much of the attempts of the brotherhood and the workers would non tire any fruit given the adamance of the direction in seeking to revoke the initial programs. However. visible radiation was seen at the terminal of the tunnel when eventually the direction of Lockheed agreed to give their presentation sing a new pension program that they had opted to follow alternatively of their earlier proposal. However. the brotherhood was really acute on accepting the proposal and several more dialogues were farther made before an amicable solution was reached. In any instance. corporate bargaining had been the most applicable scheme in the dialogue procedure and it surely appeared that most of the challenges of the workers at that clip had been resolved at least for a piece. The unit that was involved in the corporate bargaining procedure was drawn from the members of the brotherhood and besides had representation from the nonionized members. The commissions that were established had really been drawn from the corporation’s workers. The dialogue procedure fundamentally consisted of the brotherhood functionaries and the direction of Lockheed who were largely represented by the top functionaries at the corporation. The corporation being the largest defence contractor in the United States and beyond meant that the authorities has a batch of involvement in its operations. Pentagon. therefore. played a great function in the dialogue procedure by its advice on the direction to earnestly see the specific facets that were under consideration in order to avoid any break of the production procedure. At the terminal. it was realized that the basic issues of wellness attention and pension programs that had really affected the workers were resolved rather amicably and the whole episode ended efficaciously. The direction of Lockheed is surely faced with a myriad of challenges. which usually affect the operational procedure. In any instance. the corporation has ever continued to turn to the issues impacting the employees in the most effectual mode that reciprocally benefits all the parties in the negotiating tabular array. ( Rubenstein. 2007 ) In decision. it has to be stressed that the facets of employee dealingss is a cardinal issue that affect big and little corporations likewise. The most of import concern is. nevertheless. the demand to supply effectual working environment and turn to the challenges confronting the employees in the most effectual manner possible. The function of the labour brotherhoods in this respect can non be overemphasized given their imperative function in stand foring the demands of the workers. In the corporate bargaining procedure as a manner of seeking to get at amicable solution with respect to the issues impacting the organisation. it is realized that common apprehension on each portion of the deal squad is surely an of import consideration in the procedure. Whichever the instance. dialogues can ever assist turn to the issues so long as the parties approach such dialogues with the earnestness they surely deserve.

Five Ways to Upsell Your Writing Services

Five Ways to Upsell Your Writing Services I’m grateful to be a freelance writer and making a living from something I love. In fact, I’m so grateful that I sometimes sell myself short and accept less pay than what my writing is worth. So how did I begin to expect and receive fair pay and even upsell my services? In her Forbes article, â€Å"How to Get Paid What You’re Worth,† Liz Ryan writes â€Å"†¦you will have to negotiate, and youll also have to say No to the wrong opportunities.† Saying â€Å"no† to some projects opens doors to better pay. Here are a few tips to help you upsell your writing. 1.  Ã‚     Emphasize relevant credentials and experience. I selectively combine both direct and indirect experiences to apply for a gig. For example, if I’m proposing a piece on Mideast refugees, I explain why my previous writing as well as my Middle East living experience qualifies me as the best writer for top pay. 2.  Ã‚     Relate your query to the publications specific need or growth potential. Your sailing expertise may seem detached from a prepper blog, but you could explain how preparing for the unexpected is an essential skill that can benefit preppers using water routes during an apocalyptic event. Craft your query to emphasize water escape preparations as a new niche topic for the publication. 3.  Ã‚     Analyze clients job description to counter-offer services that better meet the need. Twice last year I was asked Another client requested a high-level manuscript review, but then also mentioned comment balloons and line edits. I explained the difference and advised her that if she wanted detailed feedback rather than a summary, she should consider the line edit. She happily paid several hundred dollars more. 4.  Ã‚     Follow up for additional projects. Several previous clients indicated they might have additional work down the road. I politely waited a year or so, and then contacted them to follow up. Most were ready to assign new projects, while one had postponed the idea. My initiative paid off, sometimes more than once as additional projects were developed. 5.  Ã‚     Ask high and accept lower at a fair rate. Some projects have more bargaining flexibility than others. When feasible, consider taking the risk to ask a higher price, and then settle for a lesser amount that will meet your project expectations. However, keep in mind that you may risk losing the project in these situations. In fact, that happened to me recently. I refused a ghostwriting book project that was priced several thousand dollars lower than the work merited and lost the deal. No regrets! As a writer, you set the bar for acceptable pay. Don’t settle for less than you deserve and look for opportunities to upsell your services.

Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Essays

Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Essays Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Paper Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Paper Essay Topic: The Namesake Sociology 201 Does Culture Affect Identity and Behavior? A Movie-Thesis Based on the Movie: The Namesake by Mira Nair (2007) Based on the Novel By Jhumpa Lahiri Does culture affect identity and behavior? The Namesake is the story of Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli from their traditional arranged marriage in Calcutta, India, to their immigrant life in America and the family they raised in the suburbs of New York. The film explores cultural identity and tends to reflect at key turning points in the story on the Russian â€Å"pet† name, Gogol, that Ashoke gave his son in honor of the author of a book he had been reading on a train prior to its crash. The parents cling to their Indian heritage and watch in quiet dismay as their children embrace and favor American culture. Though Gogol embraced his name as a child above his formal name of Nickhal, he changed it to Nick in High School after being teased and learning of the author’s dysfunctional life and asked his father why he had been given the name. Ashoke tried to explain by giving Nick a copy of the book, The Overcoat by Gogol, but sensed that Nick was not able to relate to the depth of the gift and the meaning behind his name at that time so Ashoke ended the conversation with the statement that one day Nick would understand that they â€Å"all came from Gogol’s Overcoat. As time passed, life experiences brought the family to a turning point where Ashima began to accept the Americanized life choices her children were making, yet upon the death of his father, Nick began to reflect on how his American ways distanced him from his parents during his teenage years, and as he mourned his father’s death, he began to respect and embrace his Indian heritage and discovered the deeper me aning of the name his father gave him, which was symbolic of Ahoke’s decision to immigrate from Calcutta to the United States. The main themes throughout the movie are family, culture, identity, and change. The Namesake is full of examples of contrasting cultural behavior. Ashoke and Ashima willingly agreed to their arranged marriage while in contrast, their American-born children grew up to make their own life-partner choices which Ashima eventually accepted. Ashoak and Ashima are shown as bilingual, yet their children are always shown speaking only English. Additionally, Ashima is shown throughout the movie wearing a traditional sari whereas her children are dressed American style. It is subtly implied that Ashoke and Ashima probably did not have intercourse after their arranged marriage until they arrived in New York. In contrast, Nick is shown as an adult having premarital sex, and while preparing his American girlfriend to meet his parents, he explains that Indian culture frowns upon public displays of romantic affection and that he had never seen his parents touch. He instructs her to not kiss or touch him in his parents’ presence; however, with no disrespect intended, she quickly forgets and also innocently insults them calling them by their first names. Moushimi, The Bengali woman Nick eventually marries with his mother’s blessing, confessed to Nick that she adopted a promiscuous lifestyle while living in Paris, yet Nick does not object and instead enjoys the benefits of her uninhibited sexuality, a decision which later hurts him when he discovers she is having an extramarital affair. A subtle, perhaps unintended message the movie implies is that a higher level of respect toward parents, sexuality, and marriage is more prevalent in Indian culture in comparison to American culture, and that immigration abroad can cause breakdown of those traditional values for immigrants’ children who are raised in America and other countries who have adopted Western Culture.

Health and Happiness Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Happiness Democracy - Essay Example Studies from California to Michigan established that social connectedness is one of the most powerful determinants of well being. According to the study, frequent participation in community activities and social gathering reduces the risk of having diseases like cancer or heart attack. On the other hand, sociologist James House and his colleague stated that social connectedness also contributes to the biomedical risk factors such as cigarette smoking and obesity. Researchers are not sure why social cohesion affects the well-being of an individual but they proposed theories why social cohesion matters. First, social networks offer assistance thereby, reducing mental and physical stress. It reinforce healthy norms and able to organize politically to ensure first-rate medical services. Another researcher named Lisa Berkman speculated that social isolation is a chronically stressful condition to which the organism responds by aging faster.

Managment-- managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managment-- managing change - Essay Example The chosen company is a ship broking company that acts as the intermediate source between the ship owners and clients who want to transport their goods by means of ships. The clients present their requirement of the delivery time and the amount of dry commodities that are required to be transported. The sales executives of the chosen company browse through their database of ship owners whose service attributes and routes comply with the requirements of the client. The status of the shipment orders are tracked by the shipment tracking department until the orders reach their destinations. An interview was scheduled with the management executive who headed the technological change in the company. The analysis of the company’s transition towards technological infrastructure gave useful information about the strategies that are adopted in the real world. Journal papers, articles and organizational reports were also studied for the theoretical information about the respective topic. 2. Drivers of Change According to the information provided by the executive, the drivers of the change in the company can be categorized into two types; internal and external. 2.1 Internal Drivers The sales executives had to access the database of the ship owners whenever a shipment request was received from a client. It involved excessive traversals through the database and extensive calculations of several factors such as shortest route, cost effective route and rates of the routes. Such processing consumed lot of time of the sales executives, due to which they could not cater all the requests from the clients. Denial of service to clients often led to more business for the competitors. The calculation of the routes and costs was not always error-free since it involved manual processing. The shipment tracking department did not have a reliable system to track the status of the orders. Another aspect that led to the technological intervention in the company, involved the lack of a ny software application or tool to evaluate the performance of the company. The top management had to rely on the reports that were generated by the respective departments; these reports were manually made after the accumulation of figures for generated revenues, losses etc. The technological change had been a part of the company’s long term goals but never materialized since the top management was not totally committed to the cause. An organizational change cannot prove to be productive for the company if the support of the top management is not present (Joanne 2002). When the external, as well as internal factors accumulated, the top management decided to fully commit to the technological change in the company. 2.2 External Drivers Other companies in the ship broking industry had started to focus on the technological integration in their companies. The market positions of the competitors started improving since they were able to cater to more clients and earn more profits d ue to their organizational change. Clients of the modern times even prefer technological processes and operations since they are error free and fast-paced. External changes play a vital role in signaling the need for changes in the internal processes of the organization (Mackenzie n.d.). 3. Perspectives of Change Three systems were planned to be deployed in the organization. The relevance

A Contrast and Comparison Between Two Historical Bands Essay Example for Free

A Contrast and Comparison Between Two Historical Bands Essay Both Metallica and Ozzy have suffered tragedies in regard to their band members. In March 1982, Randy Rhodes, the lead guitarist for Ozzy’s band, died in a plane crash. This was not something that anyone, let alone Ozzy, would have thought would happen. Randy was afraid to fly, but he was convinced by the pilot of the plane that it would be a safe flight, and he would not perform any crazy stunts like he normally did when flying the band. However, the pilot couldn’t resist doing a â€Å"fly by† and when the plane buzzed by the home, the pilot got too close and the wing clipped the house causing the pilot to lose control and crash the plane. This tragedy devastated Ozzy; Randy was like a family member to him. For a while Ozzy was not sure he wanted to continue in the music business and almost ended his career. However, he eventually realized Randy would want him to continue and so Ozzy continued to make music. Metallica also lost a band member in a tragic accident. In September 1986, while the band was on tour in Sweden, the driver of the tour bus lost control causing it to crash and flip several times. Band member, Cliff Burton, was asleep in the back of the bus and when the bus began to flip he was thrown out of one of the windows. The bus landed on top of him and he died instantly. Cliff was the bassist for the band and they loved him like family, but they believed the band must continue so he was replaced. Despite continuing with their lives, the rest of the band will always remember Cliff, and he will live on in their hearts and also in their music. As with many heavy metal bands, Metallica and Ozzy have also dealt with alcohol and drug addiction. This led to legal and personal issues within their lives. Ozzy was banned from the city of San Antonio for urinating on the Alamo while inebriated. During another one of his drunken binges, he tried to strangle his wife, Sharon. Metallica’s problems with alcohol did not lead to expulsion from any public place, or any form of attempted murder, but at one point they did treat one of their band members, Jason Newsted, very badly. The explanation from every band member, for their mistreatment of him, is that they were mourning the death of Cliff Burton, and this was therapy for them. They did often treat him as if he were an outsider and not a true member of the band. They hazed him terribly and treated him as if he were their lackey rather than a true band member. On one the albums, And Justice For All, they went as far as to turn down his bass, so he is not even heard on the album. The hazing, drinking, and drug abuse lead to strife within the band, and contributed to Jason leaving. Eventually the lead singer of Metallica, James, went to rehab and spent three months working on getting sober. Both Metallica and Ozzy have been sober for over five years now. Another way in which the bands are similar is that both Metallica and Ozzy have had their share of controversy, furthering the belief in the heavy metal band stereotype. Ozzy was known for theatrics and stunts during his concerts which furthered the public’s perception that he was a devil worshipper. At one point in his career, Ozzy bit the head off of a bat at one of his concerts. It was thrown onto the stage and he maintains that he was not aware the bat was real until after he bit off the head. He also bit a doves head off, while intoxicated, during a meeting with some record company executives, furthering the belief that he is a Satanist. Metallica is not known for wild theatrics during their concerts but their behaviors after their concerts, as well as their professional dealings, have been a source of controversy within their career. They were the first band to sue Napster for piracy which really angered their fans. Their excessive use of drugs and alcohol, as well as their sexual promiscuity while married, also altered fan’s view of them. The drugs, alcohol and loose morals have all led to changes within the band’s lives. When Lars Ulrich and James Hetfield became parents, they decided to change their ways, become sober, and believe in more than money. When one thinks of heavy metal music and artists, they often think of devil worshipping and substance abuse. While in some cases this is true, that is not the case with Metallica and Ozzy. In fact, what most people do not realize is that both bands and their members are Christians. Ozzy always has been a member of the Church of England. It is well known that he prays before each performance as well as professing his beliefs in several of his songs. Metallica members are born again Christians and they profess this in many of their songs as well. While it is true that Ozzy and Metallica both have song lyrics that contradict their religious view. Songs such as Jump in the Fire by Metallica, with lyrics such as â€Å"Follow me now my child. Do just as I say. Jump by your will or be taken by force, I’ll get you either way†, are primarily for shock value. Many metal bands completely fit the stereotype of being drug addicted, alcoholic, and Satan worshipers. However, some bands, such as Metallica and Ozzy Osborne, have managed to overcome these addictions and are Christians. They love the metal sound, music, and beat and continue to make the type of music they are known for without the lifestyle of most metal bands. Both bands have had their share of controversy throughout their careers but have overcome this controversy and continue to have a large fan base, even after all these years. These two bands are very similar in many ways: they have stood the test of time and continue to have their fans despite some of the crazy things they have done. Metallica continues to make music while Ozzy now focuses more on family for various reasons, but their music continues to touch the lives of their fans, and no matter what happens, that will never change.

Mary Crawford: The Satisfying Heroine Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane

In Mansfield Park, Jane Austen presents her readers with a dilemma: Fanny Price is the heroine of the story, but lacks the qualities Jane Austen usually presents in her protagonists, while Mary Crawford, the antihero, has these qualities. Mary is active, effective, and witty, much like Austen’s heroines Emma Woodhouse and Elizabeth Bennet. Contrasting this is Fanny, who is timid, complacent, and dull. Austen gives Mary passages of quick, sharp, even occasionally shocking, dialogue, while Fanny often does not speak for pages at a time. When she does, her speeches are typically banal and forgettable. In Mansfield Park, Austen largely rests Fanny’s standing as protagonist on the fact that Fanny adheres to the moral standards of Austen’s era. Mary Crawford makes a more satisfying and appealing heroine but due to her modern-era sensibility and uncertain moral fiber, she cannot fulfill this role. Part of what makes Mary Crawford an appealing candidate as a heroine of the story is her ability to take action. Throughout Mansfield Park, Mary is an energetic participant in the activities of Mansfield Park, such as taking part in many conversations, arguing her own point of view, riding horses, entertaining herself and others with her harp, and acting in Lover’s Vows. Fanny pales in comparison in terms of her level of activity. In regard to riding, Fanny is attended to when she rides, either by a groomsman or her cousins (Mansfield Park, 59). When Edmund decides to procure Fanny a horse, he does so in consideration of her health, not her happiness, as he means to â€Å"procure for Fanny the immediate means of exercise, which he could not bear she should be without† (Mansfield Park, 32). Edmund’s concern is that the horse is good for Fanny’... ...n presents her ambiguously between morally reprehensible and simply blunt and ahead of her time. Mary Crawford is not the heroine of Mansfield Park. Heroines in Jane Austen’s novels end up married to a man they love and this is not Mary’s fate. Mary did have the opportunity to become a heroic figure but did not take it. If Mary had changed her ways, put her feelings for Edmund above her desire for wealth, her character development and change of heart would have made her acceptable to the Regency Era audience. However, she is steadfast in her opinions and makes no concessions. Mary’s stubbornness, disregard for standards of the times, and wittiness makes her unfit as a heroine when the book was published. However, in contemporary times these characteristic appeal to audiences, as one is more likely to relate to Mary’s practical, although controversial, opinions.

Basic Principles of Democracy Essay

Democracy comes from the Greek word, â€Å"demos,† meaning people. In democracies, it is the people who hold sovereign power over legislator and government. Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by people under a free electoral system. It is derived from the Greek ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ºÃ ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±, â€Å"popular government†] which was coined from ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (dÄ“mos), â€Å"people† and ÃŽ ºÃ ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (kratos), â€Å"rule, strength† in the middle of the 5th-4th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in some Greek city-states, notably Athens following a popular uprising in 508 BC. In political theory, democracy describes a small number of related forms of government and also a political philosophy. Even though there is no universally accepted definition of ‘democracy’, there are two principles that any definition of democracy includes. The first principle is that all members o f the society have equal access to power and the second one that all the members enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties. There are several varieties of democracy some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not carefully legislated to avoid an uneven distribution of political power with balances such as the separation of powers, then a branch of the system of rule is able to accumulate power in a way that is harmful to democracy itself. The â€Å"majority rule† is often described as a characteristic feature of democracy, but without responsible government it is possible for the rights of a minority to be abused by the â€Å"tyranny of the majority†. An essential process  in representative democracies are competitive elections, that are fair both substantively and procedurally. Furthermore, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are essential so that citizens are informed and able to vote in their personal interests. Popular sovereignty is common but not a universal motivating philosophy for establishing a democracy. In some countries, democracy is based on the philosophical principle of equal rights. Many people use the term â€Å"democracy† as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include additional elements such as political pluralism, equality before the law, the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances, due process, civil liberties, human rights, and elements of civil society outside the government. In the United States, separation of powers is often cited as a supporting attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the dominant philosophy is parliamentary sovereignty (though in practice judicial independence is generally maintained). In other cases, â€Å"democracy† is used to mean direct democracy. Though the term â€Å"democracy† is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are also applicable to private organizations and other groups. Though democracy has its origins in Ancient Greece other cultures have significantly contributed to the evolution of democracy such as Ancient India, Ancient Rome, Europe, and North and South America. Democracy has been called the â€Å"last form of government† and has spread considerably across the globe. Suffrage has been expanded in many jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as wealthy men of a particular ethnic group), but still remains a controversial issue with regard to disputed territories, areas with significant immigration, and countries that exclude certain demographic groups. The contemporary interpretation of democracy from the political point of view is that it is a system of government in which a country’s political leaders are chosen by the people in regular, free and fair elections. In a democracy, people have a choice between different candidates and parties who want the power to govern. The people can criticize and replace their elected leaders and representatives if they do not perform well. The people are sovereign — they are the highest authority  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and government is based on the will of the people. Elected representatives at the national and local levels must listen to the people and be responsive to their needs. That is why democracy depends upon a literate, knowledgeable citizenry whose access to information enables it to participate as fully as possible in the public life of their society and to criticize unwise or tyrannical government officials or policies. Citizens and their elected representatives recognize that democracy depends upon the widest possible access to uncensored ideas, data, and opinions. All people should have the right to form their own opinions and express them individually or in peaceful assemblies. Free societies cr eate a â€Å"marketplace of ideas† where people exchange their views on any number of issues. Although nuances apply to the world’s various democracies, certain principles and practices distinguish democratic government from other forms of government. †¢ Democracy is government in which power and civic responsibility are exercised by all citizens, directly or through their freely elected representatives. †¢ Democracy is a set of principles and practices that protect human freedom; it is the institutionalization of freedom. †¢ Democracy rests upon the principles of majority rule, coupled with individual and minority rights. All democracies, while respecting the will of the majority, zealously protect the fundamental rights of individuals and minority groups. †¢ Democracies guard against all-powerful central governments and decentralize government to regional and local levels, understanding that local government must be as accessible and responsive to the people as possible. †¢ Democracies understand that one of their prime functions is to protect such basic human rights as freedom of speech and religion; the right to equal protection under law; and the opportunity to organize and participate fully in the political, economic, and cultural life of society. †¢ Democracies conduct regular free and fair elections open to all citizens. Elections in a democracy cannot be facades that dictators or a single party hide behind, but authentic competitions for the support of the people. †¢ Democracy subjects governments to the rule of law and ensures that all citizens receive equal protection under the law and that their rights are protected by the legal system. †¢ Democracies are diverse, reflecting each nation’s unique political, social, and cultural life. †¢ Democracies rest upon fundamental principles, not uniform practices. †¢ Citizens in a democracy not only have rights, they have the responsibility to participate in the political system that, in turn, protects their rights and freedoms. †¢ Democratic societies are committed to the values of tolerance, cooperation, and compromise. †¢ Democracies recognize that reaching consensus requires compromise and that it may not always be attainable. In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, â€Å"intolerance is itself a form of violence and an obstacle to the growth of a true democratic spirit.† Principles of Democracy People from around the world have identified the basic principles, which must exist in order to have a democratic government. These principles often  become a part of the constitution or bill of rights in a democratic society. Though no two democratic countries are exactly alike, people in democracies support many of the same basic principles and desire the same benefits from their government. The following are examples of the principles referred to as signposts of democracy, which will be used throughout this lesson: 1. Citizen Participation One of the most basic signposts of a democracy is citizen participation in government. Participation is the key role of citizens in democracy. It is not only their right, but it is their duty. Citizen participation may take many forms including standing for election, voting in elections, becoming informed, debating issues, attending community or civic meetings, being members of private voluntary organizations, paying taxes, and even protesting. Participation builds a better democracy. 2. Equality Democratic societies emphasize the principle that all people are equal. Equality means that all individuals are valued equally, have equal opportunities, and may not be discriminated against because of their race, religion, ethnic group, gender or sexual orientation. In a democracy, individuals and groups still maintain their right to have different cultures, personalities, languages and beliefs. 3. Political Tolerance Democratic societies are politically tolerant. This means that while the majority of the people rule in a democracy, the rights of the minority must be protected. People who are not in power must be allowed to organize and speak out. Minorities are sometimes referred to as the opposition because they may have ideas which are different from the majority. Individual citizens must also learn to be tolerant of each other. A democratic society  is often composed of people from different cultures, racial, religious and ethnic groups who have viewpoints different from the majority of the population. A democratic society is enriched by diversity. If the majority deny rights to and destroy their opposition, then they also destroy democracy. One goal of democracy is to make the best possible decision for the society. To achieve this, respect for all people and their points of view is needed. Decisions are more likely to be accepted, even by those who oppose them, if all citizens have been allowed to discuss, debate and question them. 4. Accountability As George Washington said â€Å"Government is not reason, it is not eloquence,it is a force! Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master; never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action.† In a democracy, elected and appointed officials have to be accountable to the people. They are responsible for their actions. Officials must make decisions and perform their duties according to the will and wishes of the people, not for themselves. Government accountability means that public officials – elected and un-elected – have an obligation to explain their decisions and actions to the citizens. Government accountability is achieved through the use of a variety of mechanisms – political, legal, and administrative – designed to prevent corruption and ensure that public officials remain answerable and accessible to the people they serve. In the absence of such mechanisms, corruption may thrive. The primary political accountability mechanism is free and fair elections. Fixed-terms of office and elections force elected officials to account for their performance and provide opportunities for challengers to offer citizens alternative policy choices. If voters are not satisfied with the performance of an official, they may vote them out of office when their terms expire. The degree to which public officials are politically accountable is a function of whether they occupy an elected versus appointed position, how often they are up for reelection, and how many terms they can serve. Legal accountability mechanisms include the whole legal framework – constitutions, legislative acts, decrees, rules, codes, and other legal instruments that proscribe actions that public officials can  and cannot take and how citizens may take action against those officials whose conduct is considered unsatisfactory. An independent judiciary is an essential requirement for the success of legal accountability, serving as a venue where citizens bring claims against the government. Legal accountability mechanisms include: †¢ Ethics statutes and codes of conduct for public officials, outlining unacceptable practices †¢ Conflict of interest and financial disclosure laws, requiring public officials to divulge the source of their income and assets so that citizens may judge whether the actions of those officials are likely to be influenced improperly by financial interests †¢ â€Å"Sunshine† laws, providing the press and the public access to government records and meetings †¢ Citizen participation requirements, dictating that certain government Judicial review, providing courts the power to review the decisions and actions of public officials and agencies. Administrative accountability mechanisms include offices within agencies or ministries and practices within administrative processes designed to ensure that the decisions and actions of public officials account for the interest of the citizens. Administrative accountability mechanisms include: †¢ Ombudsmen, responsible for hearing and addressing citizen complaints; †¢ Independent auditors who scrutinize the use of public funds for signs of misuse; †¢ Administrative courts, that hear citizens’ complaints about agency decisions; †¢ Ethics rules protecting so-called whistleblowers – those within government who speak out about corruption or abuse of official authority – from reprisals. 5. Transparency For government to be accountable the people must be aware of what is happening in the country. This is referred to as transparency in government. A transparent government holds public meetings and allows citizens to attend. In a democracy, the press and the people are able to get information about what decisions are being made, by whom and why. 6. Regular, Free and Fair Elections One way citizens of the country express their will is by electing officials to represent them in government. Democracy insists that these elected officials are chosen and peacefully removed from office in a free and fair manner. Intimidation, corruption and threats to citizens during or before an election are against the principles of democracy. In a democracy, elections are held regularly every so many years. Participation in elections should not be based on a citizen’s wealth. For free and fair elections to occur, most adult citizens should have the right to stand for government office. Additionally, obstacles should not exist which make it difficult for people to vote. Free and fair elections allow people living in a representative democracy to determine the political makeup and future policy direction of their nation’s government. Free and fair elections increase the likelihood of a peaceful transfer of power. They help to ensure that losing candidates will accept the validity of the election’s results and cede power to the new government. Elections alone do not assure democracy since dictators can use the resources of the state to tamper with the election process. Free and fair elections require: †¢ Universal suffrage for all eligible men and women to vote – democracies do not restrict this right from minorities, the disabled, or give it only to those who are literate or who own property. †¢ Freedom to register as a voter or run for public office. †¢ Freedom of speech for candidates and political parties – democracies do not restrict candidates or political parties from criticizing the performance of the incumbent. †¢ Numerous opportunities for the electorate to receive objective information from a free press. †¢ Freedom to assemble for political rallies and campaigns. †¢ Rules that require party representatives to maintain a distance from polling places on election day – election officials, volunteer poll workers, and international monitors may assist voters with the voting  process but not the voting choice. †¢ An impartial or balanced system of conducting elections and verifying election results – trained election officials must either be politically independent or those overseeing elections should be representative of the parties in the election. †¢ Accessible polling places, private voting space, secure ballot boxes, and transparent ballot counting. †¢ Secret ballots – voting by secret ballot ensures that an individual’s choice of party or candidate cannot be used against him or her. †¢ Legal prohibitions against election fraud – enforceable laws must exist to prevent vote tampering (e.g. double counting, ghost voting). †¢ Recount and contestation procedures – legal mechanisms and processes to review election processes must be established to ensure that elections were conducted properly. 7. Economic Freedom People in a democracy must have some form of economic freedom. This means that the government allows some private ownership of property and businesses, and that the people are allowed to choose their own work and labor unions. The role the government should play in the economy is open to debate, but it is generally accepted that free markets should exist in a democracy and the state should not totally control the economy. Some argue that the state should play a stronger role in countries where great inequality of wealth exists due to past discrimination or other unfair practices. 8. Control of the Abuse of Power Democratic societies try to prevent any elected official or group of people from misusing or abusing their power. One of the most common abuses of power is corruption. Corruption occurs when government officials use public funds for their own benefit or exercise power in an illegal manner. Various methods have been used in different countries to protect against these abuses. Frequently the government is structured to limit the powers of the branches of government: to have independent courts and agencies with power to act against any illegal action by an elected official or branch of  government; to allow for citizen participation and elections; and to check for police abuse of power. 9. Accepting the Results of Elections In democratic elections, there are winners and losers. Often the losers in an election believe so strongly that their party or candidate is the best one, that they refuse to accept the results of the election. This is against democratic principles. The consequences of not accepting the result of an election may be a government that is ineffective and cannot make decisions. It may even result in violence which is also against democracy. 10. Human Rights All democracies strive to respect and protect the human rights of citizens. Human rights mean those values that reflect respect for human life and human dignity. Democracy emphasizes the value of every human being. Examples of human rights include freedom of expression, freedom of association, freedom of assembly, the right to equality and the right to education. All human beings are born with inalienable rights. These human rights empower people to pursue lives of dignity – thus, no government can bestow them but all governments should protect them. Freedom, built on a foundation of justice, tolerance, dignity, and respect – regardless of ethnicity, religion, political association, or social standing – allows people to pursue these fundamental rights. Whereas dictatorships deny human rights, free societies continually strive to attain them. Human rights are interdependent and indivisible; they encompass myriad facets of human existence including social, political, and economic issues. Among the most commonly accepted are: †¢ All people should have the right to express their ideas and opinions. †¢ All people should have the right to participate in government. Governments should create laws that protect human rights while justice systems enforce those laws equally among the population. †¢ Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, and torture – whether one is an opponent of the  ruling political party, an ethnic minority, or even a common criminal – is a basic human right. A professional police force respects all citizens as it enforces the laws of the nation. †¢ In ethnically diverse nations, religious and ethnic minorities should be free to use their language and maintain their traditions without fear of recrimination from the majority population. Governments should recognize the rights of minorities while respecting the will of the majority. †¢ All people should have the opportunity to work, earn a living, and support their families. †¢ Children deserve special protection. They should receive at least an elementary education, proper nutrition, and healthcare. To maintain human rights, citizens in any free society need to be vigilant. Citizen responsibility – through a variety of participatory activities – ensures that government remains accountable to the people. The family of free nations is committed to work toward protection of human rights. They formalize their commitment through a number of international treaties and covenants on human rights. 11. Multi-Party Systems In order to have a multi-party system, more than one political party must participate in elections and play a role in government. A multi-party system allows for opposition to the party, which wins the election. This helps provide the government with different viewpoints on issues. Additionally, a multi-party system provides voters with a choice of candidates, parties and policies to vote for. Historically, when a country only has one party, the result has been a dictatorship. To preserve and protect individual rights and freedoms, a democratic people must work together to shape the government of their choosing. And the principal way of doing that is through political parties. Political parties are voluntary organizations that link the people and their government. Parties recruit candidates and campaign to elect them to public office, and they mobilize people to participate in selecting government leaders. The majority party (or the party elected to control the offices of government) seeks to enact into law a number of different policies and programs. Parties of the opposition are free to criticize the majority party’s policy ideas and offer their own proposals. Political  parties provide a way for citizens to hold elected party officials accountable for their actions in government. Democratic political parties have faith in the principles of democracy so that they recognize and respect the authority of the elected government even when their party leaders are not in power. Like any democracy, members of various political parties reflect the diversity of the cultures in which they arise. Some are small and built around a set of political beliefs. Others are organized around economic interests, or shared history. Still others are loose alliances of different citizens who may only come together at election time. All democratic political parties, whether they are small movements or large national coalitions, share the values of compromise and tolerance. They know that only through broad alliances and cooperation with other political parties and organizations can they provide the leadership and common vision that will win the support of the people of the nation. Democratic parties recognize that political views are fluid and changeable, and that consensus can often arise out of the clash of ideas and values in peaceful, free, and public debate. The concept of the loyal opposition is central to any democracy. It means that all sides in political debate – however deep their differences – share the fundamental democratic values of freedom of speech and faith, and equal protection under law. Parties that lose elections step into the role of opposition – confident that the political system will continue to protect their right to organize and speak out. In time, their party will have a chance to campaign again for its ideas, and the votes of the people. In a democracy, the struggle between political parties is not a fight for survival, but a competition to serve the people. 12. The Rule of Law In a democracy no one is above the law, not even a king or an elected President. This is called the rule of law. It means that everyone must obey the law and be held accountable if they violate it. Democracy also insists that the law be equally, fairly and consistently enforced. This is sometimes referred to as â€Å"due process of law.† For much of human history, rulers and law were synonymous – law was simply the will of the ruler. A first step away from such tyranny was the notion of rule by law, including the notion  that even a ruler is under the law and should rule by virtue of legal means. Democracies went further by establishing the rule of law. Although no society or government system is problem-free, rule of law protects fundamental political, social, and economic rights and reminds us that tyranny and lawlessness are not the only alternatives. Rule of law means that no individual, president or private citizen, stands above law. Democratic governments exercise authority by way of law and are themselves subject to law’s constraints. Laws should express the will of the people, not the whims of kings, dictators, military officials, religious leaders, or self-appointed political parties. Citizens in democracies are willing to obey the laws of their society, then, because they are submitting to their own rules and regulations. Justice is best achieved when the laws are established by the very people who must obey them. Under the rule of law, a system of strong, independent courts should have the power and authority, resources, and the prestige to hold government officials, even top leaders, accountable to the nation’s laws and regulations. For this reason, judges should be well trained, professional, independent, and impartial. To serve their necessary role in the legal and political system, judges must be committed to the principles of democracy. The laws of a democracy may have many sources: written constitutions; statutes and regulations; religious and ethical teachings; and cultural traditions and practices. Regardless of origin the law should enshrine certain provisions to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens: Under the requirement of equal protection under the law, the law may not be uniquely applicable to any single individual or group. Citizens must be secure from arbitrary arrest and unreasonable search of their homes or the seizure of their personal property. Citizens charged with crimes are entitled to a speedy and public trial, along with the opportunity to confront and question their accusers. If convicted, they may not be subjected to cruel or unusual punishment. Citizens cannot be forced to testify against themselves. This principle protects citizens from coercion, abuse, or torture and greatly reduces the temptation of police to employ such measures. 13. Bill of Rights Many democratic countries also choose to have a bill of rights to protect people against abuse of power. A bill of rights is a list of rights and freedoms guaranteed to all people in the country. When a bill of rights becomes part of a country’s constitution, the courts have the power to enforce these rights. A bill of rights limits the power of government and may also impose duties on individuals and organizations. The role of the Non-governmental Organizations In democracies, ordinary citizens may organize independent groups that serve the needs of the community or nation they live in and complement, supplement, or even challenge the work of the government. Such organizations are often called nongovernmental organizations, or NGOs, because they are not an extension of the government’s offices. NGOs allow citizens to improve their society by advocating, educating, and mobilizing attention around major public issues and monitoring the conduct of government and private enterprise. NGOs enable citizens from different backgrounds to learn to work together and build the skills, relationships, and trust necessary for good government. NGOs serve a great variety of citizen interests. They may act as social service providers, advocates for the environment or for living standards, work standards, or as the catalysts for democratic change. NGOs often represent the interests of those citizens who might otherwise be left out of national policy de bates. They open the public discourse to people of all economic and social classes and to women and minorities. Funding for NGOs may come from individual private donations, private trusts and philanthropies, corporations, religious institutions, international institutions, other NGOs, sales of goods and services, and even governments. Governments and NGOs frequently work as partners. NGOs may provide local and regional expertise and personnel on the ground for implementation of government-funded projects. NGOs may be politically unaffiliated, or they may be based on partisan ideals and seek to advance a particular cause or set of causes in the public interest. In either model the key point is that NGOs should operate under minimal political control of states. NGOs develop local and international programs in virtually all areas that contribute to the promotion of the principles of democracy, including: †¢ Human rights  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by promoting international standards and monitoring for violations and abuses. †¢ Rule of law – through low-cost or free legal aid, educating all citizens regarding their rights, and advocating for legal reforms. †¢ Women’s participation – by preparing them for political participation and protecting them from socioeconomic discrimination. †¢ Civic education – through education programs focusing on the role of the citizen in a democratic and diverse society. †¢ A free press – by promoting independent media, training journalists, and setting standards for ethical journalism. †¢ Political party development – through election monitoring by trained domestic observers and nonpartisan voter registration drives. †¢ Government accountability †“ by conducting policy analysis and serving as watchdogs over governmental actions. Democracy in the EU â€Å"The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. â€Å" These are universal values and not the values of the Europeans alone. Many countries in the world are recognising and implementing these values or at least have written them down in one or the other form. In order to obtain the objectives of the Union based on the afore-mentioned values, the European Union needs certain powers conferred in a legal framework. It is foreseen that these powers must be exercised using the Community method and specific instruments within a single institutional framework. But through the implementation of these universal values, the European Union has become already a success story that is making membership to the Union so very attractive to its neighbours and an example for other regions in the world= More citizens in Europe live in countries with competitive elections, political freedoms and respect for human rights than ever before. Part of this success story can be attributed – undeniably – to the process of European integration. Paradoxically, however, the European Union also finds itself increasingly the subject of general cynicism and dissatisfaction among its citizenry. Therefore, a better understanding of democracy has become vital at all levels of government, and in particular regarding the future of the EU itself. Proposals for the further democratisation of EU decision-making can be pieced together from at least the following four different dimensions of choice: Intergovernmental vs Supranational Under intergovernmental approaches, the EU is democratised through the elected institutions of its member states. In the contemporary EU, for example, each member country has to ratify any change to EU Treaties according to the democratic mechanism of its choice, with referendums being used in some cases and national parliamentary votes in others. In addition, most important decisions have to be taken by the Council of Ministers on which all national governments are represented. Even with majority voting, this allows national parliaments scope to influence the development of EU policy and hold their governments responsible for their behaviour at Union level . They can review the negotiating positions of their governments before meetings of the Council of Ministers. They can scrutinise draft legislation, which has to be circulated to each national parliament in its own language at least six weeks before it is voted in the Council. They also have important discretion in deciding how EU acquis is to be transposed into national law, since directives only require member states to achieve certain results, without specifying the methods to be employed. Under supranational approaches, entirely new democratic institutions are established at the European level. They are purpose-made for the EU’s political system, and they operate with at least some consistency across the Union as whole. So, for example, the European Parliament is directly elected by all adult citizens of the EU. Its powers, are directed to making law for the Union as a whole, and at scrutinising, criticising and controlling the overall performance of Commission and Council in their role as the EU’s double-headed executive. In brief, it has the power to: †¢ Approve or reject the member states’ choice of Commission and Commission President †¢ Dismiss the Commission on a double majority (two-thirds of votes cast, provided that those voting for a censure comprise more than half of the Parliament’s membership). The resignation of the Santer Commision in March 1999 undermined the argument that this was unlikely ever to happen. †¢ Reject legislation in some areas (Co-decision) and amend it in others (Cooperation). The increasing use of the former means that the EP approaches bicameral status with the Council in a political system where rule-making is, arguably, the main activity. Even the latter allows the EP to structure the choices that are subsequently available to the Council. As the previous examples imply, the EU currently mixes and matches intergovernmental and supranational approaches to democratic politics. Consensus vs Majoritarian Democracy Majoritarian democracy is where decisions can be taken by a bare majority of the public or its representatives. Its proponents argue that any alternative amounts to minority rule. Consensus democracy is where the aim is to align policies with the preferences of the greatest number of citizens or their representatives, rather than with those of a simple majority. Its defenders argue that any alternative allows minorities to be excluded and is not, therefore, rule by the people as a whole. Amongst examples of consensus democracy are the following: †¢ Supermajoritarian decision-rules: these require decisions to be approved by more than 50 per cent of representatives. At present the EU employs supermajorities twice over, in both the Council and the EP. Majority voting in the Council requires 71 per cent of the weighted votes of member states. Most powers of the EP can only be exercised on an absolute majority of its membership. Given normal rates of absenteeism this effectively means that a majority of around two-thirds is usually needed in the EP, as well as the Council of Ministers. †¢ Federal systems: these parcel decision-making out between layers of government. It is rare for the EU to be the only body with powers in an issue area. It normally shares jurisdiction with national and sub-national authorities with which it has to co-ordinate its activities. †¢ Consociational systems: these guarantee the participation of all main cultural units in the most important decisions of a political system. In the EU, for example, all governments nominate at least one Commissioner; all member states have a seat on the Council and the opportunity to hold its rotating Presidency for a period of six months; both Council and Parliament over-represent smaller member states in a manner that underlines the principle that it is national communities — and not just citizens — that are units of value in the EU’s political system; and even the Governing Council of the European Central Bank works on the principle ‘one national central bank, one vote’. Direct vs Indirect Democracy Direct democracy is where the people itself takes major decisions of government. The alternative is that they only exercise public control indirectly through appointed representatives. As will be seen below, this distinction is mainly relevant to prescriptions for the democratisation of the EU, rather than to its current practice. Strategic vs Communicative Democracy Strategic models of democracy presuppose that actors have clear and fixed views of their interests. The main goal of democratic institutions is then to find the most efficient means of aggregating the preferences of individuals into collective actions, albeit subject to various standards of fairness. Communicative models of democracy hold that preferences also need to be debated within the political system, either because they are not fully formed prior to a process of discussion, or because group action is so very different from individual action, both actually and morally. A big question for the EU is whether it can develop a public sphere that all citizens can access as equals, and through the medium of which all points of view can be debated and compared. Connecting European citizens to one another — and to EU institutions — raises problems of language, media, party systems and the associational structure of society, almost all of which are presently organised to support national forms of democracy, rather than a European equivalent. The future of a strong European Union with 27 member states and more will only be possible if rules are implemented which make decisions more democratic, more transparent and thus more efficient. A good and democratic society in the European context is a society which is open to reforms or is able to become a better society – I.e. an active civil society. The European Civil Society can give a new direction to politics. Politicians will then follow. Only a European Civil Society which is better informed about European values, objectives and challenges will give Europe a new impetus to the further democratic development of Europe.

Nurse shoratges Essay

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Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate-level were linked with lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates. The authors conclude that â€Å"moving to a nurse workforce in which a higher proportion of staff nurses have at least a baccalaureate-level education would result in substantially fewer adverse outcomes for patients. † Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes In a study published May 2008 in the Journal of Nursing Administration, (see below) which show a strong link between RN education level and patient outcomes. Titled â€Å"Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes,† these leading nurse researchers found that every 10% increase in he proportion of BSN nurses on the hospital staff was associated with a 4% decrease in the risk of death. Impact of Hospital Nursing Care on 30-day Mortality for Acute Medical Patients In the January 2007 issue of the Journal of Advanced Nursing, a new study validates the findings of Dr. Linda Aiken and others that baccalaureate- prepared nurses have a positive impact on lowering mortality rates. A research team led by Dr. Ann E. Tourangeau from the University of Toronto and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Canada, studied 46,993 patients admitted to ospital with heart attacks, stroke, pneumonia and blood poisoning. The authors found that: â€Å"Hospitals with higher proportions of baccalaureate-prepared nurses tended to have lower 30-day mortality rates. Our findings indicated that a 10% increase in the proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses was associated with 9 fewer deaths for every 1,000 discharged patients. Is the Shortage of Hospital Registered Nurses Getting Better of Worse? In the March-April 2005 issue of Nursing Economics, Dr. Peter Buerhaus and colleagues found that more than 75% of RNs believe the nursing shortage presents a major problem for the quality of their work ife, the quality of patient care, and the amount of time nurses can spend with patients. Looking forward, almost all surveyed nurses see the shortage in the future as a catalyst for increasing stress on nurses (98%), lowering patient care quality (93%) and causing nurses to leave the profession (93%). National Survey on Consumers’ Experiences with Patient Safety and Quality Information In November 2004, results from this national survey found that 40% of Americans think the quality of health care has worsened in the last five years. Consumers reported that the most mportant issues affecting medical error rates are workload, stress or fatigue among health professionals (74%); too little time spent with patients (70%); and too few nurses (69%). This survey was sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Harvard School of Public Health. Research in Action: Hospital Nurse Staffing and Availability of Care In March 2004, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) issued a synthesis of nursing research studies that details the impact that staffing levels, staff mix, and education levels have on patient outcomes. The report cites studies showing that hospitals with lower nurse staffing levels and fewer registered nurses compared with licensed practical nurses or nurses’ aides tend to have higher rates of poor patient outcomes. Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment Publishing in November 2003, this Institute of Medicine calls for substantial changes in the work environment of nurses in order to protect patients, including changes in how nurse staffing levels are established and mandatory limits on nurses’ work hours. Despite the growing body of evidence that better nurse staff levels result in afer patient care, nurses in some health care facilities may be overburdened with up to 12 patients to care for per shift. Long work hours pose one of the most serious threats to patient safety, because fatigue slows reaction time, diminishes attention to detail, and contributes to errors. Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical prepared at the baccalaureate and higher degree level is endangering patients. In an article in the September 24, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Linda Aiken and her colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania ound that patients experience significantly lower mortality and failure to rescue rates in hospitals where more baccalaureate-prepared nurses provide direct patient care. At least 1,700 preventable deaths could have been realized in Pennsylvania hospitals alone if baccalaureate-prepared nurses had comprised 60% of the nursing staff and the nurse-to-patient ratios had been set at 1 to 4. Unfortunately, only of PA hospitals have more than 50% of the nursing staff prepared at the baccalaureate level. Views of Practicing Physicians and the Public on Medical Errors A survey eported in the December 12, 2002 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine found that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors. Overall, 42% of the public and more than a third of U. S. doctors reported that they or their family members have experienced medical errors in the course of receiving medical care. The survey was conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout and Job Dissatisfaction According o a study published in the October 23/30, 2002 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, more nurses at the bedside could save thousands of patient lives each year. Nurse researchers at the University of Pennsylvania determined that patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with low nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Funded by the National Institute for Nursing Research, the study found that every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7%. Having too few nurses may actually cost more money given the high costs of replacing burnt-out nurses and caring for patients with poor outcomes.